¶ Outing Coordinator/Tournament Planner
John Allen
email: john@zallen.org
call or text: (719) 337-6349
payment info:
Zelle, PayPal or Apple Cash to the phone number
Cash App with Cashtag $P3gasusJA
Contact John to RSVP by 7 August and with questions, comments or concerns.
¶ Overall League Championship Weekend Information
The fourth annual Club Championship will be played August 15-17, 2025 at three courses in Arvada, Littleton and Golden, CO.
Summary: The HAF League Club Championship is played as a three day event. Anyone trying to win the club championship must play all three days. Otherwise, League members and guests may play with the club on any or all of the days. Anyone may play in the daily competitions on those days. Please see the description of each day's event for more details.
Those not playing in the Club Championship may scroll down to the descriptions of the outings and competitions on the days they choose to play.
There will be a different competition format each day of the Championship tournament running in parallel with the Club Championship. Participants in the Club Championship will participate in those competitions as they would for a normal League outing. However, the Championship itself is a 3-day stroke play tournament. Stroke play scores will be kept for each player each day in addition to any other format used. The lowest 3-day stroke total (adjusted for handicap, of course) will determine the League's Club Champion. Because this is an official competition, all players must strictly adhere to the USGA Rules of Golf. This entails the following differences from normal club competitions:
- No breakfast balls on the first tee
- All putts must be holed - no "inside the leather" rule
- All holes must be completed - no picking up after a max score
Only those that regularly play with the club will be eligible to participate in the Club Championship and overall prizes. Accordingly, only those that are eligible and competing for the Club Championship need pay the overall entry fee. In addition to prize money, this year's winner will receive the coveted HAF League Championship Trophy! It will be present at all 3 weekend events so people can see what they're playing for (or what they're missing!).
A handicap index is required to participate in the Club Championship. The club is willing to accept a USGA handicap index from another club for participation in the HAF League Club Championship. Many members of the League are members of other clubs and their handicap indexes will be used. 18Birdies handicaps are also acceptable for those that play with the League regularly and enter their scores. Unfortunately, those that do NOT yet have USGA or 18Birdies handicaps may NOT play for the Club Championship but are welcome to particpate in daily competitions. The simplest way to get a handicap index is to join the HAF League. There is a $43 fee for this, the entirety of which goes to the Colorado Golf Association, the USGA Allied Golf Association for the state of Colorado.
The entry fee for the Club Championship is $20. This is in addition to the entry fee for each daily competition. The prizes for placing in the Club Championship are separate from the daily competitons and will be awarded separately at the conclusion of the tournament. Prizes will be awarded as follows:
| Participants | 1st | 2nd | 3rd |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2-4 | 100% | - | - |
| 5-8 | 70% | 30% | - |
| 9 or more | 55% | 30% | 15% |
¶ Daily Event Information
¶ Friday
The Friday round of the Club Championship will be played at West Woods Golf Club in Arvada, CO.
Their address is:
6655 Quaker Street
Arvada, CO 80007
Their phone number is (720) 898-7370
¶ Notes
West Woods is a City of Arvada municipal course complex. We'll be playing the Sleeping Indian and Cottonwood 9s. West Woods is another Rick Phelps track. The League has played a lot of Phelps designs including Saddle Rock, Meadows, Foothills and Cheyenne Shadows. Phelps also designed Racoon Creek that the League will play for the Saturday round of the Championship. The League last played West Woods in 2023 and the feedback was very good, hence the reason we're returning just 2 years later.
The last time we played it, some parts of the course were marked ground under repair after heavy rain. The course was in very good condition overall, though. Greens were LIGHTNING fast, perhaps the fastest of any course the League has played. That seems to be the way the superintendent likes them based on the experience of League members. The fast greens didn't make the Phelps design any easier. Members universally commented on the greens and the scores reflected the difficulty. As usual for Phelps courses on the front range, there are plenty of interesting hole designs that have multiple options for play. There is water on several of the holes that can be in play for aggressive players. There are also some very pretty vistas on the course like the Sleeping Indian formation visible from the 5th green on the course that bears that name and multiple views of the Denver skyline. The cost of those vistas is some very substantial elevation changes, especially on the Sleeping Indian 9. There are also some holes with a fair amount of distance between one green and the next tee. Walking this course is not for the faint of heart.
The practice facilities were among the best of any municipal course the League has played. It's got a double-ended driving range with about 30 stations per side. They've also got a very large putting green and a pitching/chipping practice area that has practice bunkers. The pro shop was large and well stocked. The restaurant and lounge are also large and have a big outdoor seating area where the League was able to sit together, commiserate about the greens and determine results of the competition. Beverage selection was somewhat limited. The menu was large and all the food everyone has was hot,fresh and delicious. The only negative at the restaurant/lounge was the service was VERY slow.
| Item | Price |
|---|---|
| Greens Fees | $101 |
| Riding Cart | included |
| Push Cart | $7 |
| Club Rental | TBD |
| Range balls | $5 (warm-up), $10 (medium), $15 (large) |
¶ Weather
¶ Competition Format - Modified Stableford
The Friday competition will use a modified Stableford format. As always, participation in these competitions during a HAF League event is optional. Members and guests are welcome to just come play alongside those competing. Please let the outing coordinator know whether or not you intend to play by August 14th so there is time to print a scoresheet for your use in advance of the competitiion.
Modified Stableford is a format the club has used before. Stableford encourages people to be aggressive because it rewards good play more than it penalizes bad play. That's particularly true in this modified version that disproportionately rewards low scores. In Stableford, everyone competes individually. Points are awarded based on the gross score for each hole as follows.
| Score | Points |
|---|---|
| Ace/Albatross | 1000 |
| Eagle | 8 |
| Birdie | 4 |
| Par | 2 |
| Bogey | 1 |
| Double bogey | 0 |
| Triple bogey | -1 |
Once a player has reached triple bogey, that player's ball should be picked up. Triple bogey is the maximum hole score. If a player is keeping their score for handicap purposes but reaches triple bogey, the player can use the USGA's "most likely score" rule to estimate the number of strokes to record for the hole.
It is necessary to have a handicap index to partiate in the competition. USGA (GHIN) and 18Birdies handicaps (for those that play regularly) are acceptable. For those that want to partipate and don't have either of those, please contact the outing coordinator to discuss a way to set a handicap index.
Handicaps are incorporated in this competition in a way that is easier to manage. Each player will be required to achieve a point total based on the difference between 36 and their playing handicap (calculated based on handicap index, tees and course difficulty). This difference is a given player's target point total. Players that achieve more points than their target will receive a negative score. Lowest score wins.
For example, suppose four golfers are competing in this format with handicap indexes as follows:
| Player | Handicap Index |
Playing Handicap (PH) |
Target points (36 - PH) |
Stableford Total |
Score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Amanda | 21.2 | 19 | 17 | 16 | 1 |
| Bob | 39.0 | 37 | -1 | -3 | 2 |
| Carol | 5.4 | 5 | 31 | 34 | -3 |
| Dan | 11.3 | 10 | 26 | 27 | -1 |
Carol would come out on top with the lowest score, followed by Dan and Amanda. Bob (who started with a negative target because his playing handicap was higher than 36) didn't play especially well and ended up with a positive score to bring up the rear.
The outing coordinator will assign initial tees according to handicap indexes and knowledge of each participant's abilities. Players may play any tee they choose and should discuss changes with the outing coordinator. The choice must be made by the participation deadline, though, because scoresheets will be made in advance to be available for the competitiion. The target score will reflect the course's slope rating and course ratings of the tees assigned.
We will also play Longest Putt competitions on each of the par 3s. After a participant's whole group is on the green, each participating player marks their ball, then putts. If one or more of those putts goes in, the name of the player that made the longest putt is written on a marker provided by the outing coordinator and placed on that spot. If no participant makes their first putt, the process repeats until the longest putt among participants in the group is determined. When the next group comes along, if someone in that group makes a longer putt, they move the marker and change the name on the marker to that person's name. The last group repeats that process, then collects the markers. There will be a winner for each par 3 hole.
Buy-in for the competition is $20. 60% of the prize pool will be awarded for the Stableford competition and 40% divided among those that sink longest putts (10% each). Prizes for the Stableford competition will be awarded depending on the number of participants as follows. Ties will be split.
| Participants | 1st | 2nd | 3rd |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2-4 | 100% | - | - |
| 5-8 | 70% | 30% | - |
| 9 or more | 55% | 30% | 15% |
¶ 18Birdies Info
Tournament Code: TBD
See the 18Birdies section for more information about the League's use of the app
¶ Saturday
The Saturday round of the tournament will be played at Raccoon Creek Golf Course in Littleton, CO. You can click the link above to visit their Web site. Their address is:
Their address is:
7301 W. Bowles Ave.
Littleton, CO 80123
Their phone number is (303) 932-0199
¶ Notes
The League last played Raccoon Creek in 2021 and there were only 4 of us in attendance that day. However, it's a favorite of many of the League. Racoon Creek is another Rick Phelps design. The League has played a lot of Phelps designs including Saddle Rock, Meadows, Foothills, Cheyenne Shadows and West Woods.
The course plays over gently rolling hills. It's definitely walkable for those what would want to do so. However, the League had to book a rate for a group this size that includes a cart so it's not an option for this outing. This is a parkland course, meaning the fairways are lined with mature trees. Almost every course features water, either ponds or the epynomous creek. The direct path on several of the par 3s requires hitting the ball over water. However, the fairways are wide and there are few bunkers except short and to either side of most of the greens. It's definitely possible for good golfers to go low on this course. There are video flyovers of all 18 holes availble for viewing on the course Web site.
The practice facility features a large range with about 30 hitting stations, multiple putting greens and a small short game practice area. There is a very nice restaurant and lounge where we'll gather after the round to award prizes for the daily competition, swap stories and gaze longingly at the Championship Trophy!
¶ Rates
| Item | Price |
|---|---|
| Greens Fees | $130 |
| Riding Cart | included |
| Walking Cart | N/A |
| Club Rental | $20 |
| Range balls | included |
¶ Weather
¶ Competition Format - Peoria
We'll play a stroke play competition using the Peoria one-day handicapping system. Buy-in will be $20. In Peoria, 6 holes are chosen at random. Two par 3s, two par 4s and two par 5s will be chosen, one of each from the front 9 and the others from the back 9. The holes will be chosen by random draw after the round. Each player's score to par on those six holes will be totaled and multiplied by 3 to arrive at a Peoria handicap for each player. Max score for any given hole is double par. Players may pick up their ball once they take a number strokes totaling double par except for those participating in the Club Championship who must hole out. The Peoria handicap will be subtracted from each player's total number of strokes to determine their final scores. Lowest score wins.
To give an example, suppose for a given round holes 3, 4, 5, 12, 13 and 14 are chosen for the Peoria (unbeknownst to anyone ahead of time - more on this in a minute). The four golfers from the previous group have a card that looks like this:
| Player | ... | 3 | 4 | 5 | ... | 12 | 13 | 14 | ... | Total | Peoria | Net |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Par | ... | 4 | 5 | 3 | ... | 3 | 4 | 5 | ... | 72 | ||
| Amanda | ... | 4 | 6 | 5 | ... | 4 | 4 | 6 | ... | 93 | 15 | 78 |
| Bob | ... | 3 | 6 | 5 | ... | 6 | 6 | 6 | ... | 101 | 21 | 80 |
| Carol | ... | 3 | 5 | 3 | ... | 3 | 5 | 5 | ... | 77 | 0 | 77 |
| Dan | ... | 4 | 4 | 3 | ... | 4 | 4 | 5 | ... | 81 | 0 | 81 |
Bob is a total of 7 over on those six holes - -1 on 3, +1 on 4, +2 on 5, +2 on 12 (double bogey max), +2 on 13 and +1 on 121. Multiplying by 3 gives him a Peoria handicap of 21. Carol's Peoria comes in at 0 - her birdie on 3 is cancelled by her bogey on 13 and 0 x 3 = 0. The same holds for Dan, whose birdie on 4 is cancelled by his bogey on 12. Amanda is a total of 5 over for bogeys on 4, 12 and 14 and a double on 5, giving her a Peoria handicap of 15. Carol edges out Amanda.
There will also be a Par 3/Closest to the Pin competition going on in parallel. Closest to the Pin is contested on each par 3 hole. To win, a player's tee shot must come to rest on the putting green and the player must make natural/gross par or better. The player that meets these criteria and whose tee shot winds up closest to the pin wins that hole. Markers will be give out to everyone to mark the closest tee shot in their group with the name of the person that landed closest. Subsequent groups will move that marker if someone in their group is closer. The last group through each par 3 will pick up the markers and give them to the outing coordinator. If no one wins a given par 3, the prize money for that hole will be divided among the other par 3 holes.
The buy-in for the competition is $20. 40% of the prize pool will be divided among players that win Closest to the Pin holes. The remaining 60% of the kitty will be awarded based on the number of participants as follows. Ties will be split.
| Participants | 1st | 2nd | 3rd |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2-4 | 100% | - | - |
| 5-8 | 70% | 30% | - |
| 9 or more | 55% | 30% | 15% |
¶ 18Birdies Info
Tournament Code: TBD
See the 18Birdies section for more information about the League's use of the app
¶ Sunday
The final round of the Championship will be played at Fossil Trace Golf Club in Golden, CO. Click the logo to visit their Web site. Their address is:
3050 Illinois St. Golden, CO 80401
Their phone number is (303) 277-8750
¶ Notes
The League has never played Fossil Trace. However, several of its members have and enjoy it. It's a Jim Engh design. He designed Red Hawk Ridge and Four Mile Ranch which the League has played often. He also designed exclusive Pradera and Sanctuary on the front range. It is operated by the City of Golden.
Fossil Trace will be a singular challege. It demands accuracy since most of the fairways are narrow, many holes have water, wetlands or both, greens are narrow, undulating and have multple levels, bunkers are deep and, in some cases, huge. Watching the flyover videos is HIGHLY recommended. All that written, it looks beautiful and fun. The holes have a lot of variety including a sub-100 yard par 3 and a 650 yard par 5. The signature hole is the 12th that plays along Colorado sandstone cliffs, with sandstone pillars in the fairway and visible fossils around the green (whence the course gets its name. The course doesn't seem to have a huge amount of elevation change and they rent push carts so it's probably walkable for those that want to do so. The outing coordinator is going to call to see if that changes the rate.
The practice facility features a huge (10,000 square foot!) putting green with 3 levels which will come in handy to pratice for the kinds of greens on the course. It also has a short game area with a practice bunker and multiple flags. It only has 20 hitting stations on the driving range so those that want to warm up on the range may want to plan to come early to use it. There is a very nice restaurant/bar where we'll gather after the round to award the daily winner and the crown the HAF League Champion!
¶ Rates
| Item | Price |
|---|---|
| Greens Fees | $175 |
| Riding Cart | included |
| Walking Cart | $6 |
| Club Rental | $75 |
| Range balls | included |
¶ Weather
¶ Competition Format
On Sunday, we'll do a conventional stroke play competition. The lowest 18 hole score after subtracting a player's playing handicap wins. See the link for more details.
The buy-in will be $20. As always, folks are welcome to just come and play and not participate in the competition. Participants may feel free to play any tee they like - they just need to tell the outing coordinator which they choose before the competition starts and play the same tee throughout. Since this is a handicapped competition, as is the case for the other competitions through the weekend, a USGA or 18Birdies handicap is required to participate. Players without one of those should contact the outing coordinator to agree on a handicap index prior to the beginning of the tournament.
There will also be a Skins competition going on in parallel. In a Skins competition, the net score for all players on each hole is compared. If one player has a lower score on that hole than all other players, that player wins a "skin." A prize fund will be allocated for skins. The monetary value of the skins will be the total prize fund divided by the number of skins won. For instance, given the players from the previous example, if their net scores on the front 9 were as follows:
| Player | Hole | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | |
| Amanda | 4 | 5 | 6 | 4 | 5 | 2 | 5 | ¶ |
4 |
| Bob | 4 | 5 | 5 | ¶ |
5 | 3 | 5 | 5 | 3 |
| Carol | 4 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 3 |
| Dan | ¶ |
4 | 6 | 4 | 5 | 2 | 4 | 5 | 4 |
Dan would win a skin for the first hole as the only player with the lowest net hole score of 3. No skin would be awarded on #2 because two players tied for the lowest score or 4. Following the same logic, Bob would win a skin on #4 and Amanda a skin on #8. If the prize fund for skins was $60 and these were the only 3 skins for the round, Dan, Bob and Amanda would each win $20.
Each participating player's full handicap will be used for the stroke play competition. However, the maximum handicap allowed for the skins competition will be 36 (two strokes per hole).
40% of the prize pool will be divided among the players that win skins. The remaining 60% of the prize pool will be awarded as follows prizes as a percentage of the prize pool is as follows:
| Participants | 1st | 2nd | 3rd |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2-4 | 100% | - | - |
| 5-8 | 70% | 30% | - |
| 9 or more | 55% | 30% | 15% |
At the conclusion of the Sunday round, the net stroke play scores from all three rounds will be added. The lowest 3 day total score will win the Club Championship!
¶ General Rules for All Three Rounds
¶ Rules for all players
- Play ready golf. The USGA and R&A (golf's rulemaking bodies) encourage it for stroke play. Safety comes first, so use judgment when making a stroke to avoid potentially hurting someone. When you get to your ball, immediately begin assessing your lie, figuring out your distance, pulling your club, etc. Don't wait for everyone behind you to hit to get ready - be ready to hit when it is your turn. You may play out of turn if you are at your ball and ready as long as no player behind you is also ready to play. If you get ready to play but see another player in front of you already over their ball, in their stance with their club, let them go ahead and hit first. This also applies to the tee box - if the player with honors is taking a bathroom break or buying something from the beverage cart, everyone else should feel free to hit. Try to make sure someone is always playing unless it would mean hitting into a group in front.
- Tee It Forward. Players that don't hit the ball as far others or that don't play very well (yet) will not play from the same tees as the longer hitters or lower handicappers in this tournament. For those interested in the rationale, the USGA has a whole marketing campaign on "Tee It Forward" with the aim of making golf more fun and less time consuming. Helping the more golf-challenged by playing closer to the hole should speed up play. Players may feel free to play from any tees they like. For those in the daily competitions, the USGA playing handicap formula accounts for playing from different tees and grants different numbers of handicap strokes. Players in competitions must inform the outing coordinator of the tees they plan to play in advance and must play the same tees throughout each round.
- The USGA's alternate role for a ball lost or out of bounds will be in effect. If one loses a ball or it goes out of bounds (on the other side of a boundary marked by white stakes or white paint), the only relief option is to take a stroke and distance penalty, meaning losing the distance and dropping/teeing from the spot of the previous stroke while taking a one stroke penalty. The USGA introduced an alternative to speed play that allows a player to estimate where their ball was lost or went out of bounds, mark the nearest point on the edge of the fairway parallel to that spot and drop a ball within two club lengths of that spot no nearer the hole. A player incurs a two stroke penalty for doing so. More information may be found on the League main page.
- Be safe around wild animals. Wild animals happen in Colorado. One relevant example happened at Arrowhead where the League played in August 2023. The rules of golf generally permit replacement of the ball on its original spot if the animals are gone or penalty area relief if they're still present. The HAF League amendment to this rule is to drop one club length from nearest spot where you feel safe from the animals no closer to the hole. Don't take unnecessary chances and use your best judgment to drop in a spot that doesn't give you an advantage.
¶ Rules for players NOT participating in the Club Championship
NOTE: These rules are for friendly competition among League members but are outside the Rules of Golf. Violations could result in assessments of penalty strokes or even disqualification from the tournament. For those competing for the Championship, please be conscious not to break these rules and notify the Outing Coordinator immediately if you do accidentally break them.
- Pick up when reaching the max score set for the competition round. Each round has a maximum hole score as defined in the description of the competition for each day. Once a player reaches that score, the player will write that score for the hole and pick up their ball. For example, the max hole score is net double bogey, if a player is getting one handicap stroke on a par 3, they should pick up their ball once they make six strokes (3 for par plus 2 for double bogey plus 1 for handicap). The USGAs rule for arriving at a "most likely score" may be used in this case for writing down a score for the hole for handicap score posting purposes. Extending the example, if this player was six feet from the hole when picking up, they would take one additional stroke according to the "most likely score" rule and enter a 7 for the hole in GHIN.
- "Breakfast Ball" allowed on the first tee ONLY. A player may choose to hit a second drive on the first hole of each round ONLY and play the better of the two drives.
- Putts "inside the leather" are considered holed for one additional stroke. If a player is on the green and the distance between their ball and the hole is less than the distance from the top of the putter head to the bottom of the grip, the player may pick up their ball and count the putt that would have been made as good. For example, a player on a par 4 hits their third shot within a foot of the hole. The player places their putter head inside the cup and lays the handle next to their ball. The ball is closer to the hole than the bottom of the putter grip. The player picks up their ball and adds a stroke for the assumed holed putt, writing down a 4 for their hole score. If it doesn't slow down play, players may attempt the putt anyway for practice but need not record any additional strokes if the putt is missed.
¶ Tee Times and Pairings
¶ Friday - West Woods
12:00
Scott O'Hare
Curt Balcerzak
Chris Cortinaz
Ken Moon
12:10
Pete Friesen
John Allen
¶ Saturday - Racoon Creek
12:16
Scott O'Hare
Kelly Banta
Chris Cortinaz
Curt Balcerzak
12:25
John Allen
Jonathan Holden
Tyrone Holden
¶ Sunday - Fossil Trace
9:10
Curt Balcerzak
Patrick Calhoun
Scott O'Hare
Kelly Banta
(Marcus Fast spectator)
9:20
Ken Moon
Chris Kim
Chris Cortinaz
John Allen
¶ 18Birdies Tournament Information
Tournament Code: See daily course information
Our league uses 18Birdies to allow us to manage scores during and after a round. We can also communicate with one another before (to RSVP or ask questions), during (trash talk!) and after the round through the app, upload pictures of our outing and other good things. We can see an ongoing leaderboard of how our fellow members are doing. Oh, and just for keeping track of scores, it's free! We highly encourage it. If you're viewing this on an iOS device, click the icon above to download the app!
Use the Tournament Code in the Play section of the app to join the tournament and follow how your fellow golfers are doing on the course. There will be different 18Birdies tournament codes for each day of the event. Check each day's course/competition info to find them.
¶ Attendance
Please validate your attendance and notify John Allen by text at (719) 337-6349 of any changes. We encourage bringing guests! If you would like to invite someone, please send John their cell phone number so he can communicate information with them and share this Web site with them for more information.
| Player | Friday | Saturday | Sunday |
|---|---|---|---|
| John Allen | Y | Y | Y |
| Curt Balcerzak | Y | Y | Y |
| John Bachman | N | N | N |
| Kelly Banta | N | Y | Y |
| Parker Beller | N | N | N |
| Mike Bull | N | N | N |
| Patrick Calhoun | N | N | Y |
| Madeline Carroll | N | N | N |
| Tyler Carroll | N | N | N |
| Chris Cortinaz | Y | Y | Y |
| Bruce Dakin | N | N | N |
| Marcus Fast | N | N | N |
| Elisabeth Fast | N | N | N |
| Dawn Ferris | N | N | N |
| Sam Ferris | N | N | N |
| Rob Franco | N | N | N |
| Pete Friesen | Y | N | N |
| Jason Gallen | N | N | N |
| Danny Gonzales | N | N | N |
| Kevin Heim | N | N | N |
| Jonathan Holden | N | Y | N |
| Tyrone Holden (Jonathan's brother) |
N | Y | N |
| Derek Hood | N | N | N |
| Todd Hubbard | N | N | N |
| Travis Hubbard | N | N | N |
| Vicki Hubbard | N | N | N |
| Jordan | N | N | N |
| Chris Kim | N | N | Y |
| Dante Kobek | N | N | N |
| Mitch Leitner | N | N | N |
| Chris Lundhagen | N | N | N |
| Jake Markus | N | N | N |
| Sam Martella | N | N | N |
| Julia Martin | N | N | N |
| Will Martin | N | N | N |
| Ken Moon | Y | N | Y |
| Pom Moon | N | N | N |
| Scott O'Hare | Y | Y | Y |
| Jerry Ohu | N | N | N |
| Spencer Ohu | N | N | N |
| Brad Pace | N | N | N |
| Steven Pierce | N | N | N |
| Mike Rothwell | N | N | N |
| Austin Shea | N | N | N |
| Ryan Sagastume | N | N | N |
| Jacob Skorka | N | N | N |